Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
TYTUŁ: Stosowanie paliw etanolowych do silników o zapłonie iskrowym / The use of ethanol fuels to spark ignition engines
Autorzy: Zbigniew Stępień, Magdalena Żółty
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ISBN: 978-83-65649-31-7 ISSN: 2353-2718 DOI: 10.18668/PN2019.224 |
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Abstract In the European Union, the second largest sector of the economy, responsible for 20% of emissions of harmful substances, including greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, is road transport. It remains one of the few sectors whose emissions are constantly growing, thus negating the progress made by other sectors of the economy. Introduced in 2009 the European directives: Renewable Energy Directive and Fuel Quality Directive, allow the increase of ethanol content in traditional gasoline to 10% (V/V), and also support the construction of Flex Fuel Vehicles adapted to fuel supply containing up to 85% (V/V) of ethanol. The fuels for piston combustion engines are characterized by functional properties that meet the high requirements of modern internal combustion engines, implementing complicated combustion processes and equipped with, among others, multi-point, very technically advanced fuel injection systems, innovative supercharging systems and catalytic multifunctional exhaust gas cleaning systems. The chemical composition of fuels is constantly evolving, mainly due to the action of environmentalists in the scope of limiting emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of fuels into the atmosphere and continuous development of engines. These activities force car designers to change the design of power systems, combustion chambers, exhaust gas treatment systems, and fuel manufacturers to adapt their chemical composition to minimize the emission of harmful substances generated during the combustion of such fuels. Therefore, the use of biofuel and biocomponents as an admixture to conventional fuels becomes increasingly important. The theoretical part of this publication describes the advantages and disadvantages of using ethanol as a component of gasoline and ethanol fuels. Based on the knowledge of available industry literature, the results of studies of ethanol impact on the emission of harmful components into the atmosphere are presented. The focus was also on the challenges faced by the engineers of internal combustion engines to adapt them to operating with fuels containing an increased share of ethanol in the fuel. The experimental part presents the results of research carried out as part of research projects and statutory work at the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute. These results concern: • determination of the impact of ethanol fuels on spark ignition engine performance and their operational parameters; • assessment of regulated and unregulated emissions of harmful components of exhaust gases from spark ignition engines; • studies on the influence of ethanol fuels on the formation of harmful deposits on test engines; • multidirectional studies on the impact of ethanol fuels on the degradation processes of engine lubricating oil. |
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Koszt przesyłki: 5 zł brutto za sztukę – list polecony Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
TYTUŁ: Zabiegi hydraulicznego szczelinowania złóż niekonwencjonalnych i metody ich analizy / Hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs, and methods of their analysis
Autorzy: Piotr Kasza
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ISSN 2353-2718 ISBN 978-83-65649-33-1 DOI: 10.18668/PN2019.226 |
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Abstract This work presents fundamental information on hydraulic fracturing treatments as well as the history of its development. The key role of fracturing in unconventional reservoirs completion was underlined, and the modern techniques of analysing treatments, on the example of fracturing in shale formation were presented. The first chapter contains the characteristics of fracturing operations. The basic information on unconventional accumulation of hydrocarbons and methods of their completion was given. The most effective methods of stimulating these deposits and key elements ensuring the effectiveness of these activities were indicated. Significant differences between these formations and the resulting differences in the technology of their fracturing were also indicated. The second chapter includes the description of fracturing fluids and proppants, their characteristics, tasks and requirements. Specification of typical chemical additives for fluids, and the purpose for which they were used, as well as the proppants used for fracturing, method of their examination and selection for fracturing in various reservoir conditions were discussed. The third chapter is the most extensive part of the work. It is dedicated to the analysis of the performed tests and fracturing treatments in the shale gas wells. These analyses were made on the basis of real, field data from fracturing. The first part presents the method of preparing data for the technical design of the project procedure. Based on this design it is possible to plan the stimulation treatments in a certain well. The second part of the chapter, presents the results of minifrac tests, used to diagnose the well and formation just before fracturing. The purpose of these operations is to confirm or modify the design assumptions and to prepare the final fracturing design. The method of analysing the minifrac tests, and the most important information obtained from them, are shown. The last part presents the results of fracturing of individual sections of the horizontal example well in two variants. The first treatments designed for execution and the second treatments that were actually performed. The fourth chapter summarizes the collected information and presents the conclusions resulting from the performed analyses. Based on these analyses differences between parameters of the geomechanical model and the data obtained from minifrac were identified. In some of the analyzed cases, the tests confirmed low efficiency of reservoir completion by perforation. Also confirmed were the differences between assumed and actual reservoir parameters which may lead to difficulties during fracturing. The analysis performed, proved that the minifrac tests before the main treatment are useful in the proper planning of the main fracturing operation. It was found that they can be used in the design and evaluation of the effectiveness of fracturing operations in unconventional reservoirs. |
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
TYTUŁ: Zastosowanie nieinwazyjnych pomiarów rdzeni wiertniczych do zwiększenia informacji na temat parametrów skał zbiornikowych / Application of non-destructive core measurements to increase information on reservoir rock parameters
Autor: Rafał Skupio
Recenzenci: prof. dr hab. inż. Jadwiga Jarzyna, Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza
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ISSN 2353-2718 Objętość monografii: 182 strony |
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Streszczenie Badania przeprowadzone w ramach przygotowywania monografi i ukierunkowane były na utworzenie systemu pomiarowo-interpretacyjnego, którego rezultatem jest otrzymanie wiarygodnych wyników profilowań geofizyki otworowej z dokładnością pomiarów laboratoryjnych. Ciągłe pomiary rdzeni wiertniczych pozwoliły na wygenerowanie profilowań pozbawionych wpływu otworu oraz ułatwiły dopasowanie głębokościowe rdzenia do pomiarów otworowych. W pracy wydzielono cztery główne rozdziały dotyczące: metodyki badawczej wraz z opisem stosowanych urządzeń, częściowych wyników pomiarów rdzeni wykonanych na różnych typach skał, propozycji systemu prowadzenia badań oraz kompleksowej interpretacji danych dla wybranych otworów. Część metodyczna dotyczyła opisu aparatury do ciągłych pomiarów rdzeni wiertniczych w zakresie naturalnej promieniotwórczości gamma (K, U, Th) wraz z aplikacją do pomiarów gęstości objętościowej metodą gamma-gamma, spektrometrów fluorescencji rentgenowskiej XRF do pomiarów składu chemicznego skał oraz tomografi i komputerowej CT do obrazowania struktury rdzeni, jak również wyznaczania gęstości radiologicznej w jednostkach Hounsfi elda (HU). Badania skał przeprowadzono na materiale reprezentującym utwory o zróżnicowanej litologii, takie jak: łupki, piaskowce, wapienie, dolomity, anhydryty, mułowce oraz heterolitowe kompleksy piaskowcowo-mułowcowo-iłowcowe. Wyniki pomiarów wykonanych z zastosowaniem poszczególnych metod zostały szczegółowo opisane oraz zestawione z punktowymi wynikami pomiarów laboratoryjnych i profilowaniami otworowymi. Pomiary testowe wraz z przetwarzaniem i interpretacją danych wykonano na rdzeniach pochodzących z pięciu otworów wiertniczych (T-1, O-4, Pt-1, L-7, P-5H), natomiast kompleksową interpretację wyników badań przeprowadzono dla trzech otworów wiertniczych (J-1, P-4, T-2). Nowa metodyka spektrometrycznych pomiarów gamma pozwoliła na uzyskanie dokładnych koncentracji potasu, uranu i toru, zarówno w skałach o wysokiej, jak i niskiej radioaktywności. Wyniki badań umożliwiły standaryzację archiwalnych profi lowań gamma, wykonanych sondami typu radzieckiego z imp/min do jednostek standardowych API oraz uzyskanie danych na temat zawartości K, U, Th w interwale rdzeni. Zastosowanie źródła Cs-137 w aparaturze do pomiarów gamma umożliwiło przeprowadzenie pomiarów gęstości objętościowej w jednostkach g/cm3. Interpretacja litologiczna wykonana na podstawie pomiarów XRF i modeli mineralogiczno-chemicznych pozwoliła uzyskać profi le o zwiększonej rozdzielczości oraz większej liczbie składników mineralnych w stosunku do interpretacji pomiarów otworowych. Ponadto wykazano, że metodyka pomiarowa XRF może być stosowana podczas kierowania trajektorią otworu wiertniczego. Wyniki badań rdzeni metodą tomografi i komputerowej CT przedstawiono w postaci połączonych obrazów oraz ciągłych krzywych zmian gęstości w jednostkach HU. Zdobyte doświadczenie i przedstawienie pełnego zakresu prac pomiarowych oraz interpretacyjnych pozwoliły na zaproponowanie procedury prowadzenia pełnego zakresu analiz, z uwzględnieniem różnego rodzaju materiału dostarczonego do badań. Procedura uwzględnia zarówno pełny zakres analiz, jak również pomiary wybranych parametrów, w zależności od zapotrzebowania zleceniodawcy. Słowa kluczowe: petrofizyka, analizy rdzeni wiertniczych, spektrometria XRF, tomografia komputerowa, profilowanie gamma, interpretacja litologiczna
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Abstract The research carried out in the monograph aimed to create a measurement and interpretation system which is to obtain reliable results of well logging with the accuracy of laboratory measurements. Continuous core measurements allow for the generation of logging results without the impact of the borehole and facilitate the depth matching of the core to well log data. Four main chapters can be distinguished in this work: research methodology with a description of the devices used; partial results of core measurements made on various types of rocks; a proposal for a research system, and comprehensive data interpretation for selected boreholes. The methodological part concerned the description of the equipment for continuous measurements of cores in the field of natural gamma radioactivity (K, U, Th) with the application for bulk density measurements using the gamma-gamma method, X-ray fl uorescence spectrometers (XRF) for measuring the chemical composition of rocks and computed tomography (CT) for imaging of the core structure as well as determination of radiological density in Hounsfi eld units (HU). Rock studies were carried out on material representing formations of diff erent lithologies, such as shales, sandstones, limestones, dolomites, anhydrite, siltstones and heterolithic sandstone-siltstone-claystone complexes. The results of measurements made using individual methods have been described in detail and compared with the results of laboratory measurements and well logging data. Test measurements with data processing and interpretation were made on the cores from five boreholes (T-1, O-4, Pt-1, L-7, P-5H), whereas a comprehensive interpretation of the results was carried out for three other boreholes (J-1, P-4, T-2). The new methodology of spectral gamma measurements made it possible to obtain precise concentrations of potassium, uranium and thorium in rocks with high and low radioactivity. The results made it possible to standardise the archival gamma-ray logs made with the Russian-type probes from imp/min to API standard units and to obtain data on the content of K, U, and Th in the core intervals. Using the Cs-137 source in the device for the gamma equipment made it possible to carry out measurements of the bulk density in g/cm3 units. The lithological interpretation based on XRF measurements and mineralogical-chemical models allowed to obtain logs with increased resolution and a more signifi cant number of minerals than was the case with the interpretation of the well logging. In addition, it has been shown that the XRF measurement methodology can be used during the geosteering procedure. The results of the core tests using the CT computed tomography method were presented in combined images and continuous curves of density in HU units. The experience and the presentation of the full scope of measurement and interpretation workflow allowed to propose a procedure for conducting a full range of analyses, considering various types of material provided for research. The procedure considers the full range of analyses as well as the measurements of selected parameters depending on the client’s needs. Keywords: petrophysics, core analyses, XRF spectrometry, computed tomography, gamma profiling, lithological interpretation |
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Cena egzemplarza: 60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
TYTUŁ: Możliwości rozpoznania wybranych cech skał węglanowych na podstawie obrazu tomografii komputerowej (CT) oraz skanera mikroopornościowego (XRMI) / Representation of the selected features of carbonate rocks based on the computed tomography (CT) image and the borehole micro-imager (XRMI)
Autorzy: Andrzej Urbaniec, Katarzyna Drabik, Marek Dohnalik, Urszula Zagórska, Sylwia Kowalska
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ISSN 2353-2718 ISBN 978-83-65649-32-4 DOI: 10.18668/PN2019.225 |
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Abstract Carbonate rocks are a specific group of rocks, very difficult to interpret due to a high variability of a number of parameters, such as: lithology, mineral composition, biogenic structure content, porosity, permeability, and others. The method of X-ray computed tomography (CT) can be very helpful in the analysis of various carbonate rocks features because of it enables density diversification determination of a rock medium. This methodology has a high potential to obtain better resolution with respect to certain features, macroscopically invisible in the core (e.g. due to a homogeneous colour or the effect of recrystallization). The measurements result in obtaining a spatial image of the core in the greyscale. Light colours correspond to the core fragments with a high X-ray absorption, and the dark ones to the areas of low absorption. The amount of X-ray radiation absorption is primarily affected by the density of the rock medium, as well as the atomic number of the elements included in the individual minerals. 72 sections of drill cores, approx. 1m long each, were selected for tomographic examinations to obtain results as reliable as possible. The selected core material represents carbonate formations of various ages (from Devonian to Cretaceous), originating from the boreholes situated in the Carpathian Foreland and Carpathian basement areas. The interpretation of tomographic examinations was connected with a detailed sedimentological analysis of all core sections, allowing to carry out direct comparisons, as to which of the studied features and to what extent were disclosed in the CT images, and also whether this image can supplement or make the prepared descriptions more detailed. The presented information has a qualitative nature, i.e. referring mainly to descriptive features of the analyzed carbonate rocks. Another aim of this work was to compare and refine the interpretation of the borehole micro-imager, obtained as a result of measurements by Halliburton’s XRMI™ electrical scanner, based on its comparison with the tomographic image of the analyzed core intervals. Chapter 2 describes the general characteristic of the X-ray computed tomography method measurement, as well as the specificity of the measuring equipment. Chapter 3 includes the theoretical framework of the measurement principles, image processing and application of X-tended Range Micro Imager (XRMI™) (the wireline borehole imaging tool). Chapter 4 presents detailed sedimentological and lithofacial characterization based on the analysis of macroscopic features of the selected core intervals. Chapter 5 includes the analysis of selected structural and textural features of carbonate rocks in the tomographic imaging. The following features were analyzed: nodular structures, texture of biolithites, oncolithic textures, carbonate breccias and conglomerates, various types of stratification found in carbonate rocks, stylolites, dolomitization effects. Chapter 6 contains the analysis of the biogenic structures, most often found in carbonate rocks, based on their tomographic image. As part of this issue, a number of fossil record forms were studied. They are characteristic of the following groups of organisms: siliceous and calcareous sponges, amphiporas, colonial and individual corals, serpulids (tube-dwelling polychaetes), gastropods, bivalves (including characteristic groups such as inoceramids, boring and nestling bivalves, as well as thick-walled Trichites shells), brachiopods, crinoids and echinoids. In addition, attention was paid to the presence of bioturbations. Chapter 7 presents the possibilities of X-ray computed tomography imaging of various types of porosity, cavernosity and fractures. The open fractures, calcite and anhydrite-filled fractures, as well as fractures filled with clay minerals were analyzed. Chapter 8 includes the correlation possibilities of the carbonate rock cores tomographic images with the high-resolution XRMI™ images on the example of four selected core intervals. The method of X-ray computed tomography (CT) can be very helpful in the analysis of various carbonate rocks features, such as structural and textural features, as well as biogenic structures. The discussed technique, as a non-invasive method, renders a possibility to reflect the CT image in various directions, without the necessity of mechanical interference in the rock material, resulting in the core destruction. Application of the X-ray computed tomography before dividing the core into archive and so-called ‘working’ parts can be very useful for the core documentation and archiving. The tomographic examination, carried out at the appropriate time, allows to preserve a complete image of the core. X-ray computed tomography data can also be used for various analyses and interpretations, including geophysical logs reinterpretation and borehole imaging. The structural and textural features, best reflected in the tomographic record, included: the nodular structures, different types of stratification, the marly or clay-marly interlayers, the dolomitic breccia with agmatitic texture, the coral biolithites which had not changed much as a result of diagenetic processes, the stylolitic seams, as well as the effects of selective dolomitization processes. Among the examined biogenic structures, the following were best represented in the tomographic records: colonial corals, amphiporas and echinoid spines. Siliceous sponges and shells of molluscs were also relatively well reflected. The analysis of various examples of biogenic structures preserved in carbonate rocks clearly indicated the very important role, of both the original mineral component building skeletal elements, as well as diagenetic processes having a direct impact on the state of preservation of these elements. Porosity and fracturing are the best represented features of carbonate rocks in the CT image. Open fractures as well as fractures filled with anhydrite or with clay-marly material are generally well reflected in the CT image. Fractures filled with calcite are variously recognizable, depending on the mineral composition of the rock background. The tomographic imaging of the cores may also be very important in the interpretation of geophysical logs. The usefulness of the CT method is particularly important for wells with preserved core material, in which no complete set of borehole geophysics has been done. Continuous profiles of some parameters (such as density or porosity) along the studied core intervals can be calculated from the tomographic image. |
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Cena egzemplarza: 60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
TYTUŁ: Poprawa wczesnej wytrzymałości mechanicznej płaszcza cementowego z zaczynów lekkich / Improvement of the early mechanical strength of the cement coat with lightweight slurries
Autor: Marcin Kremieniewski
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ISSN 2353-2718 ISBN 978-83-65649-35-5 DOI: 10.18668/PN2019.227 |
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Abstract The effectiveness of sealing the borehole is mainly dependent on properly carried out cementing and a properly designed cement slurry recipe. This is particularly important in the case of slurries intended for sealing columns of casing pipes mounted in areas of low reservoir pressure or in absorbent zones. Cement technology hasn’t changed much in recent years, but the increasing demand for borehole seal quality has forced the introduction of continuous innovations in cement slurry recipes. This is visible in the case of slurries with reduced density, the use of which reduces the value of hydrostatic pressure during cementation, so that cement slurry can escape into absorbent zones. However, the development of this type of cement slurry is problematic due to the need to obtain the required compressive strength after a short setting time. In the initial hydration period, the cement sheath has low mechanical parameters and acquires adequate strength only at a later setting time. Currently, there is a trend to shorten the waiting time for geophysical measurements after cement slurry crowding and setting, which is primarily dictated by economic considerations (shortening the waiting time for subsequent drilling stages). Too early cement bond logging may result in not obtaining a reliable picture of the cement state of the borehole. In addition, the cement sheath resulting from lightweight cement slurry may undergo micro-destruction during the implementation of further works after cementing, the result of which may be the occurrence of micro-flows of gaseous media through the cement sheath.
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |